Abstract Based on the massive influx of refugees in Europe during 2015 and 2016 the article summarizes the development for Germany. It reconstructs and explains the so-called miracle of September 2015 of a warm welcoming. Then it argues that the European Union developed a nice Common European Asylum System (CEAS), but that it revealed its weaknesses and finally broke down in light of the refugee movements of 2015. The main flaws of CEAS are analysed. It is argued that it was mainly civil society and their organisational networks that ‘closed the gap’ between a nice regulative framework and the restrictive policy of member states that is characterised as ‘organised non-responsibility’. Finally, future challenges are discussed.

Resumen Partiendo de los movimientos masivos de refugiados hacia Europa en 2015 y 2016, el artículo ofrece una breve semblanza ahondando en el caso de Alemania. Primero se reconstruye el llamado “milagro de septiembre de 2015” de una bienvenida a más de un millón de refugiados y se ofrece explicaciones sociológicas de estos acontecimientos. Segundo, se presenta el marco regulativo europeo para la protección de refugiados argumentando que es bastante avanzado, pero que mostró sus debilidades y fracasó ante los retos de la “crisis de los refugiados” de 2015. Tercero, se analizan aspectos claves de estas debilidades del régimen europeo. Después se argumenta que era la sociedad civil y sus redes organizacionales que de alguna manera y de forma improvisada cerró la brecha entre el marco regulativo avanzado de la UE y la política real de la mayoría de los gobiernos de los EM. Esto lleva a definir algunos retos futuros.

Manifestações semanais do controverso movimento PEGIDA (Europeus Patriotas contra a Islamização do Ocidente) estavam ganhando popularidade em diversas cidades alemãs entre o final de 2014 e o final do mês de janeiro de 2015. Os assassinatos ocorridos na sede da revista satírica Charlie Hebdo e no supermercado Hyper Cacher durante a segunda semana de janeiro revelaram a realidade do antissemitismo e provocaram surtos de islamofobia em muitos países europeus. Discriminação e racismo são, evidentemente, questões importantes na Europa. Mas que significado têm esses eventos? Quão disseminadas são a discriminação e o racismo na Europa? Este artigo descreve, inicialmente, os antecedentes históricos e o desenvolvimento de um marco formal Europeu para não discriminação, em seus aspectos institucionais e jurídicos. Em seguida, apresenta e discute as principais fontes de dados oficiais e científicas para o estudo da discriminação na União Europeia. Depois, aborda a situação atual do racismo e da discriminação na EU, com base nos estudos mais recentes e abrangentes sobre o tema. Finalmente, são esboçadas algumas tendências e desafios para novas pesquisas na área.

Weekly demonstrations of the controversial PEGIDA movement (Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamization of the Occident) were gaining in popularity in different German cities during end of 2014 until end of January 2015. Deaths at the offices of satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo and the murdering at Hyper Cacher, a Jewish supermarket, during the second week of January 2015 revealed the reality of Antisemitism and led to higher levels of Islamophobia in many European countries. Obviously discrimination and racism are important issues in Europe. But what do these events stand for? How extended are discrimination and racism in Europe? In this article, first the historical background and development of the European formal non-discrimination framework in its legal and institutional aspects is described. Then the most important official and scientific data sources for studying discrimination in the EU are presented and discussed. After that the current situation of racism and discrimination in the EU is presented based on the most recent and comprehensive related studies. Finally, some trends and challenges for further research will be outlined.

This article analyzes the main changes which have taken place in the production profile of Volkswagen de México. It is divided into three sections: the first part illustrates the restructuring process of the Volkswagen consortium s international profile; the second explains its supply strategies and relations with its suppliers, and the third section evaluates the impact of these changes on the Puebla region. The paper describes the establishment of the company in Mexico, and, taking the year 1992 as a starting point, depicts the two following situations: The first one ( before ) is characterized by a wide range of products without attaining a real economy of scale, a low-level modernization and automation, and labor organization and personnel policies adapted to the country's general conditions, and the second one (after) by a change of model, a new work system, a substitution of most of the company stop management, as well as the beginning of a new strategy and supply structures, which is an invitation to their suppliers to establish business in the Puebla area.

El presente artículo se ocupa de analizar las principales transformaciones ocurridas en el perfil productivo de la empresa Volkswagen de México. El trabajo se divide en tres apartados; el primero está dedicado a ilustrar el proceso de reestructuración del perfil internacional del consorcio Volkswagen; el segundo explica las estrategias de aprovisionamiento y las relaciones con sus proveedores, y el tercero hace un balance del impacto de estos cambios en la región de Puebla. El documento describe el establecimiento de la empresa en México y, tomando como base el año de 1992, caracteriza las dos distintas situaciones experimentadas. La primera (antes de), se distingue por una amplia gama de productos pero sin lograr una real economía a escala, bajo nivel de modernización y automatización, y organización del trabajo y políticas de personal adaptadas a las condiciones generales del país. La segunda (después de) se caracteriza por un cambio de modelo, nuevo sistema de trabajo, sustitución de gran parte de su alta gerencia, y el inicio de una nueva estrategia y estructuras de aprovisionamiento que invita a sus proveedores a establecerse en la zona de Puebla.